It marks both the end of a world – the French monarchy fell on 10 August 1792 – and the beginning of a new era full of hopes as well as worries. On October 6, 1789, from the balcony of this room Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the Marquis de Lafayette, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris. Occupying the site of the Galerie d'Eau (1678), the Galerie des Antiques was designed in 1680 to house the collection of antique statues and copies of antique statues acquired by the Académie de France in Rome. 18, 22; Michelin Tyre 1989, p. 182. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPérouse_de_Montclos (. Between 1680 and Louis XIV's death in 1715, there was near-constant rearranging of the statues that decorated the bosquet. As part of the replantation of the gardens ordered by Louis XVI during the winter of 1774–1775, the Bosquet du Théâtre d'Eau was destroyed and replaced with the unadorned Bosquet du Rond-Vert (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). From Sotheby's, Robert Polidori, Salle de Crimée Sud, (99) ANR.02.036, Salles de l'Afrique, Aile du Nord - 1er etage, Versailles, Digital chromogenic print… [77] Beyond the fountain, the Grand Canal extends 1800 meters to the south end of the park. [3], The site of the Palace was first occupied by a small village and church, surrounded by forests filled with abundant game. Hardouin-Mansart died in 1708 and so the chapel was completed by his assistant Robert de Cotte in 1710.[22]. It was surrounded by flowerbeds and decorated entirely with blue and white porcelain, in imitation of the Chinese style. [5], After this event, Louis XIII decided to make his hunting lodge at Versailles into a château. Ville de Versailles - Salle du Jeu de Paume. The bosquet was renamed the Grotte des Bains d'Apollon (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). It began with the original château, with the brick and stone and sloping slate mansard roofs of the Louis XIII style used by architect Philibert Le Roy. The empty buildings were turned into a storehouse for furnishings, art and libraries confiscated from the nobility. Salle de Marengo (Palais de Versailles) E. Lamy (French, active 1860s - 1870s) 84.XC.979.9980. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers. (Verlet 1985), By 1664, the gardens had evolved to the point that Louis XIV inaugurated the gardens with the fête galante called "Les Plaisirs de l'Île Enchantée". They occupied the main or principal floor of the château neuf, with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. Title: La Salle du Bal donne dans le petit Parc de Versailles Creator: Jean Le Pautre Date Created: 1678 Set or Series Title: The Fête of 1668, Versailles (Le Relation de la feste de Versailles du 18 Juillet 1668) Object Type: Prints, works of art Object Link: See this artwork on the Davison Art Center website Object Credit Line: Davison Art Center, Wesleyan University. The fountain forms a focal point in the garden and serves as a transitional element between the gardens of the Petit Parc and the Grand Canal. Louis XV's care for hygiene led him to install an early water closet, imported from England, in 1738. Beyond the surrounding belt of woodland, the gardens are bordered by the urban areas of Versailles to the east and Le Chesnay to the north-east, by the National Arboretum de Chèvreloup to the north, the Versailles plain (a protected wildlife preserve) to the west, and by the Satory Forest to the south. [71], Another group of formal gardens is located on the north side of the water parterre. ", Hedin, Thomas. The decoration includes several paintings set into the paneling, including a self-portrait of Antony Van Dyck.[61]. References to the greater world, such as the depiction of the twelve months of the year and the four parts of the world, circle back to Louis XIV's mentality of Versailles symbolizing supreme and divine power which in turn, reflects Louis XIV's desired depiction of his reign. His main contributions were the construction of the Salon of Hercules, which connected the main building of the Palace with the north wing and the chapel (1724–36); and the royal opera theater, designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, and built between 1769 and 1770. Not currently on view. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire John D. Rockefeller gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurnish the palace. [37]. The centerpiece is a painting of the King titled, "The King Governing Alone". King Henry IV went hunting there in 1589, and returned in 1604 and 1609, staying in the village inn. [69], Fountain of Latona, with the Grand Canal in the background. Designed by André Le Nôtre, the Grand Canal is the masterpiece of the Gardens of Versailles. Down a stairway from the Parterre d'Eau is the Latona Fountain, created in 1670, illustrating the story of Latona taken from the Metamorphoses of Ovid. (Hedin 1992; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985), During this phase of construction, three of the garden's major bosquets were modified or created. [40] After the war when Soviet authorities were restoring the palace, which had been gutted by the retreating Nazi forces, they recreated the silk fabrics by using preserved 18th-century remnants. p. 333. One of the most costly elements in the furnishing of the grands appartements during the early years of the personal reign of Louis XIV was the silver furniture, which can be taken as a standard – with other criteria – for determining a plausible cost for Versailles. [95], One of the most celebrated features of the park is the Hameau de la Reine, a small rustic hamlet near the Petit Trianon created for Queen Marie Antoinette between 1783 and 1785 by the royal architect Richard Mique with the help of the painter Hubert Robert. The Grand Gallery is a highly decorated reception room, dedicated to the celebration of the political and military successes of Louis XIV, and used for important ceremonies, celebrations and receptions. Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a façade of 402 metres (1,319 ft) in length. Originally arranged for the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Louis XIV, the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie-Antoinette. The painting on the ceiling, The Apotheosis of Hercules, by François Lemoyne, was completed in 1736, and gave the room its name.[56][57]. In this year it was proposed to divert the water of the Eure river, located 160 km. Some were highly formal, like Hardouin-Mansart's Bosquet de la Colonnade, with a circle of columns alternating with fountains, while others imitated nature. [95], The Petit Trianon was created between 1763 and 1768 by Ange-Jacques Gabriel for Louis XV. [23] The following year Louis XV ordered the demolition of the north wing facing onto the Cour Royale, which had fallen into serious disrepair. The Salle de Bal was inaugurated in 1685 with a ball hosted by the Grand Dauphin. The first major modification to the gardens during this phase occurred in 1680 when the Tapis Vert[32] – the expanse of lawn that stretches between the Latona Fountain and the Apollo Fountain – achieved its final size and definition under the direction of André Le Nôtre. (Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985), With the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, the gardens of Versailles witnessed the first modifications since the Revolution. The two apartments were separated by a marble terrace, overlooking the garden, with a fountain in the center. The Orangerie is located beneath the main terrace of the palace, on which the North and South Parterres rest. In 1722, when the King came of age, he moved his residence and the government back to Versailles, where it remained until the French Revolution in 1789. Other sources included a series of reservoirs located on the Satory Plateau south of the château (Verlet, 1985). The palace is now a historical monument and UNESCO World Heritage site, notable especially for the ceremonial Hall of Mirrors, the jewel-like Royal Opera, and the royal apartments; for the more intimate royal residences, the Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon located within the park; the small rustic Hameau (Hamlet) created for Marie Antoinette; and the vast Gardens of Versailles with fountains, canals, and geometric flower beds and groves, laid out by André le Nôtre. The project called not only for digging a canal and for the construction of an aqueduct, it also necessitated the construction of shipping channels and locks to supply the workers on the main canal. The fountains survived the modifications that Louis XIV ordered for other fountains in the gardens in the early 18th century and were subsequently spared during the 1774–1775 replantation of the gardens. The Salle de Bal was remodeled in 1707 when the central island was removed and an additional entrance was added (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). [16] Forming a transitional element from the château to the gardens below and placed on the north–south axis of the gardens, the Parterre d'Eau provided a setting in which the imagery and symbolism of the decors of the grands appartements synthesized with the iconography of the gardens. 111 25 March – 18 April to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths who are working on a silver balustrade for the king, for continued work (two payments): 40,000 livres, II. Signed in ink, printed title, date and number 5/10 on a label affixed to the reverse of the flush-mount. In 1682, the southern bosquet was remodeled as the Bosquet de la Girondole, thus named due to spoke-like arrangement of the central fountain. The northern bosquet was rebuilt in 1696 as the Bosquet du Dauphin with a fountain that featured a dolphin. ", Pinatel, Christine. The statue that currently occupies the center of the Colonnade – the Abduction of Persephone – (from the Grande Commande of 1664) was set in place in 1696 (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). Founders of the spirit of fine watchmaking, the men and women of Vacheron Constantin continue to design, develop and produce exceptional timepieces true to the brand’s three fundamental pillars: … The rockwork grotto set in an English style bosquet was the masterpiece of Hubert Robert in which the statues from the Grotte de Thétys were placed. [104] The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palace of Versailles. 1985 Fujicolour Crystal Archive print, printed 2007. They took weapons from the city armory, besieged the Palace, and compelled the King and Royal family and the members of the National Assembly to return with them to Paris the following day. The interior, which was decorated with shell-work to represent a sea cave, contained the statue group by the Marsy brothers depicting the sun god attended by nereids (central grouping) and his horses being groomed by attendants of Thetis (the two accompanying statue groups). On weekends from late spring to early autumn, the administration of the museum sponsors the Grandes Eaux – spectacles during which all the fountains in the gardens are in full play. Bosquet de l'Arc de Triomphe In the time of Louis XIV, even the palace, with its thousands of inhabitants, was continually short of fresh drinking water, necessitating the relocation of the court periodically to the palaces of Fontainebleau or Compiègne. Latona and her children, Apollo and Diana, being tormented with mud slung by Lycian peasants, who refused to let her and her children drink from their pond, appealed to Jupiter who responded by turning the Lycians into frogs. Bosquet du Théâtre d'Eau - Bosquet du Rond-Vert This was a picturesque collection of buildings modeled after a rural French hamlet, where the Queen and her courtiers could play at being peasants. Under the direction of Jules Hardouin-Mansart, the bosquet was completely remodeled in 1706. She also totally transformed the arboretum planted during the reign of Louis XV into what became known as the Hameau de la Reine. During the reign of Louis XVI, Hubert Robert remodeled the bosquet, creating a cave-like setting for the Marsy statues. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future Louis XVI, and Marie-Antoinette. [63], The Royal Chapel, seen from the Royal Gallery, The Royal Chapel, the tallest building of the Palace, Glory holding a portrait of Louis XV, by Antoine Vassé, in the chapel vestibule, The chapel was the last building at Versailles to be completed during the reign of Louis XIV. In 1676, the Bassin des Sapins,[29] which was located north of the château below the Parterre du Nord and the Allée des Marmousets[30] was designed to form a topological pendant along the north–south axis with the Pièce d'eau des Suisses located at the base of the Satory hill south of the château. Bosquet des Trois Fontaines (Berceau d'Eau) In 1761, Louis XV commissioned Ange-Jacques Gabriel to build the Petit Trianon as a residence that would allow him to spend more time near the jardins botaniques. An estimate in 2000 placed the amount spent during the Ancien Régime as US$2 billion,[113] this figure being, in all probability, an under-evaluation. Because of this tree, the bosquet was also known as the Bosquet du Chêne Vert. The grotto would be completed during the second building campaign. [84] Despite enormous investment in canals and machinery for hoisting water, Versailles never had sufficient water supply for its hundreds of fountains. The new Opera was inaugurated on May 16, 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding. Each set of apartments was connected to the ground floor with a ceremonial stairway, and each had seven rooms, aligned in a row; a vestibule, a room for the guards, an antechamber, chamber, a large cabinet or office; a smaller bedroom, and a smaller cabinet. Some paintings were brought from the Louvre, including works depicting events in French history by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Jean-Marc Nattier, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence, Jacques-Louis David, and Antoine-Jean Gros. The year 1704 witnessed a major renovation of the bosquet at which time the causeway was remodelled and most of the water jets were removed. 1713, "Bosquet de l'Île Royale et le Bassin du Miroir" by Étienne Allegrain, ca. [40] The two greatest achievements of this initiative are seen today in wall hangings used in the restoration of the chambre de la reine in the grand appartement de la reine and the chambre du roi in the appartement du roi. Initially he added two wings to the forecourt, one for servants quarters and kitchens, the other for stables. Light was provided by candelabra on large gilded guerdirons lining the hall. It was designed for the entertainment of the Queen and her friends, and included a farmhouse with a dairy, a mill, a boudoir, a pigeon loft, a tower in the form of a lighthouse from which one could fish in the pond, and a luxuriously furnished cottage with a billiard room for the Queen. Then, in 1860, much of the old growth from Louis XVI's replanting was removed and replaced. So I am coming back again to my beloved old home of Versailles. 5 In anticipation: For the silver balustrade for the king's bedroom: 90,000 livres, II. (Nolhac 1899, 1902), The "Grotte de Thétys", which was located to the north of the château, formed part of the iconography of the château and of the gardens that aligned Louis XIV with solar imagery. (Marie, 1984; Thompson, 2006). Those on display today were made in 1770 for the marriage of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, based on the moldings of earlier silver versions made by LeBrun that had been melted down. Jonas Bendiksen. The construction of the room began in 1678 and finished in 1684. The most recent replantations of the gardens were precipitated by two storms that battered Versailles in 1990 and then again in 1999. The marble facing and statues were covered in years of accumulated grime, obscuring the vibrant colors of the marble and the gilt fixtures as they originally appeared. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Louise in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today. Existing bosquets and parterres were expanded and new ones created. All fleurs-de-lys and royal emblems on the buildings were chambered or chiseled off. [47] The machine was a must-see for visitors to France. For the city of Versailles, see, The hunting lodge and château of Louis XIII, Louis XVI, and the Palace during the Revolution, 19th century - history museum and government venue, The Parterre d'Eau and the Parterre and Fountain of Latona, Fountain of the Chariot of Apollo and the Grand Canal, North Parterre, Dragon Basin, and Basin of Neptune, Modern Political and ceremonial functions, Under Louis XIV the garden and park were enlarged further, eventually reaching 2,473. This, however, was not achieved as the topology of the gardens favored the jardin à la française over an English-style garden. Located north and south of the east–west axis, these two bosquets were arranged as a series of paths around four salles de verdure and which converged on a central "room" that contained a fountain. Common to any long-lived garden is replantation, and Versailles is no exception. Administered by the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles, an autonomous public entity operating under the aegis of the French Ministry of Culture, the gardens are now one of the most visited public sites in France, receiving more than six million visitors a year. The grotto was a freestanding structure located just north of the château. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Originally designed by André Le Nôtre in 1661 as a salle de verdure, this bosquet contained a path encircling a central pentagonal area. The water for the elaborate waterworks was conveyed from the Seine by the Machine de Marly. Ayers 2004,also includes 700 rooms. Originally, this bosquet was planned in 1672 as a simple pavillon d'eau – a round open expanse with a square fountain in the center. [58], The Salon of Mercury was the original State Bedchamber when Louis XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682. In 1671, André Le Nôtre conceived a bosquet – originally christened Salle des Festins and later called Salle du Conseil – that featured a quatrefoil island surrounded by a channel that contained fifty water jets. These were sources of continual stench, polluting nearby rooms and causing issues of blockage and sewage leaks from the iron and lead pipes which drained the privies on the upper floors. Some of the early groves were altered beyond recognition by later monarchs, but the most famous bosquets, Le Nôtre's Salle de Bal (literally, "ballroom"), also known as the Bosquet des Rocailles (c. 1685), and Hardouin-Mansart's Bosquet de la Colonnade, have both been restored to the way they were under Louis XIV. The king's State Apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. [26] The museum project largely came to a halt when Louis Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing. "L'univers de Le Nostre et les origines de l'aménagement du territoire. [105], One of the most baffling aspects to the study of Versailles is the cost – how much Louis XIV and his successors spent on Versailles. With a length of 1,500 metres and a width of 62 metres, the Grand Canal,[14] which was built between 1668 and 1671, physically and visually prolongs the east–west axis to the walls of the Grand Parc. From this first reservoir, water was raised an additional 56 metres to a second reservoir by a system of 79 pumps. The Salle de Bal was inaugurated in 1685 with a ball hosted by the Grand Dauphin. Bassin des Sapins [8] He decided to rebuild, embellish and enlarge the château and to transform it into a setting for both rest and for elaborate entertainments on a grand scale. "The evolution of the Parterre d'eau. (Nolhac 1901, 1925) The Orangery, which was designed by Louis Le Vau, was located south of the château, a situation that took advantage of the natural slope of the hill. Versailles, Du Bus plan With Louis XIII's final purchase of lands from Jean-François de Gondi in 1632 and his assumption of the seigneurial role of Versailles in the 1630s, formal gardens were laid out west of the château. Each bosquet had its own theme and fountains, statuary, grottoes, and other decoration. Louis XVI gave the Petit Trianon as a gift to his bride, Marie-Antoinette. The Gobelins were charged with all decoration needs of the palace, which was under the direction of Charles Le Brun.[109]. While it was possible to keep the fountains in view from the château running, those concealed in the bosquets and in the farther reaches of the garden were run on an as-needed basis. 129 21 March to Sr. Jehannot de Bartillay 4,970 livres 12 sols for the delivery to Sr. Lois and de Villers silversmiths for, with 136,457 livres 5 sol to one and 25,739 livres 10 sols to another, making the 38 balusters, 17 pilasters, the base and the cornice for the balustrade for the château of Versailles weighing 4,076 marc at the rate of 41 livres the marc[c] including 41 livres 2 sols for tax: 4,970 livres 12 sols. framed. The painting on the ceiling by François Lemoyne, Louis XV offering an olive branch to Europe, illustrates this theme. It is decorated today largely as it was under Napoleon and Louis-Philippe. Arcaded galleries with walls up to 16 ft. thick are built against the three retaining walls. In the center is The Glory of the Father Announcing the Coming of the Messiah by Antoine Coypel, above the altar is The Resurrection of Christ, and above the royal gallery is The Holy Spirit Descending Upon the Virgin and the Apostles. Only the King, the Queen, and the Dauphin had anything approaching bathrooms. Each room contained a number of fountains that played with special effects. His spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box. 1693, "Bosquet des trois fontaines-vue de face" by Jean Cotelle, ca. "Ein Kascadenprojekt für Versailles. [108], To counter the costs of Versailles during the early years of Louis XIV's personal reign, Colbert decided that Versailles should be the "showcase" of France. (Marie 1968; Nolhac 1901, 1925; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985). [30], When Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence, but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. 1693, "Bassin de l'Encélade" Jean Cotelle, ca. He did not reside at Versailles, but began the creation of the Museum of the History of France, dedicated to "all the glories of France", which had been used to house some members of the royal family. It was consecrated in 1710, and was dedicated to Louis IX of France, the ancestor and patron saint of the King. [78], The South Parterre is located beneath the windows of the queen's apartments and on the roof of the Orangerie. Charles Le Brun painted thirty scenes of the early reign of Louis XIV on the ceiling. The ground floor gallery of the south wing was prone to this, to the extent that iron bars had to be installed in the corridor outside the rooms of the Dauphin Louis and the Dauphine when they moved to the south wing in 1745. "Réflexions sur la genèse du jardin français classique et de son décor. With the outbreak of the war, the project was abandoned, never to be completed. [92] Although discouraged, it was common for people to relieve themselves under stairways or in secluded passageways, especially if a latrine was closed. Selon le nombre … In 1674, the Pompe was enlarged – hence referred to as the Grande Pompe. The full citations can be found in the immediately following section. [62], The Peace Salon is decorated to illustrate the role of France as the arbiter and peacemaker of Europe under Louis XV. [79], The thickness of the walls combined with the southern exposure and double glazing of the windows was designed according to the theories of Jean Baptiste de la Quintinie, the head gardener of the Potager du roi, to provide a frost-free environment year round for the tender subtropical plants, primarily Orange trees, beloved by Louis XIV. This is the case with a nice living room of … (Berger, 1992; Marie, 1968, 1972, 1976; Nolhac, 1901; Thompson, 2006; Verlet, 1961, 1985; Weber, 1981), Bassin d'Apollon [56], This was originally a chapel. "Entrée du Labyrinthe" by Jean Cotelle, ca. 15 Oct 2009 London. For everyone else, water was carried by a small army of water carriers to the upper floors, filling copper tanks in the private appartements of the courtiers.
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