12/26/2020 In accordance with provincial restrictions to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, all in-person Masses in the Archdiocese of Toronto are temporarily cancelled. Abelard sought a debate with Bernard, but Bernard initially declined, saying he did not feel matters of such importance should be settled by logical analyses. Biografie. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the Second Crusade he had preached, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. He is labeled the "Mellifluous Doctor" for his eloquence. Though not yet 30 years old, Bernard was listened to with the greatest attention and respect, especially when he developed his thoughts upon the revival of the primitive spirit of regularity and fervour in all the monastic orders. [26], Bernard "noted centuries ago: the people who are their own spiritual directors have fools for disciples. ... De Maria numquam satis. His sermons, from which there are many excerpts in the Breviary, are conspicuous for genuine emotion and spiritual unction. That dog breed did not receive its namesake from St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Believing himself at last secure in his cloister, Bernard devoted himself with renewed vigour to the composition of the works which won for him the title of "Doctor of the Church". [16] His preaching, aided by his ascetic looks and simple attire, helped doom the new sects. [6] In 1113 Stephen Harding had just succeeded Alberic as third Abbot of Cîteaux when Bernard and thirty other young noblemen of Burgundy sought admission into the monastery. Pope Benedict XVI. The regimen was so austere that Bernard became ill, and only the influence of his friend William of Champeaux and the authority of the general chapter could make him mitigate the austerities. At the General Audience on Wednesday, 4 November [2009], in St Peter's Square, the Holy Father spoke of the theological controversy between St Bernard of Clairvaux and Peter Abelard and of what we can learn from it today. Bernard of Clairvaux was one of the most interesting and influential people of his time. Ensemble officium presents a programme of Gregorian chant and early polyphony in celebration of this controversial saint. Forbid those noisy troublesome frogs to come out of their holes, to leave their marshes ... Then your friend will no longer be exposed to the accusations of pride and presumption.[4]. Bernard had a great taste for literature and devoted himself for some time to poetry. Bernard later commented that Gerard was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. It was here that his first writings evolved. 1473. In 1115 Harding appointed him to lead a small group of monks to establish a monastery at Clairvaux, on the borders of Burgundy and Champagne. At the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII issued an encyclical on Bernard, Doctor Mellifluus, in which he labeled him "The Last of the Fathers." L’Amour de Dieu et La Grâce et le Libre Arbitre | Bernard de Clairvaux | download | B–OK. Overview of France's Clairvaux Abbey, with a discussion of the Cistercian order. Anacletus died of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him the schism ended. Innocent II, having been banished from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. From that moment a strong friendship sprang up between the abbot and the bishop, who was professor of theology at Notre Dame of Paris, and the founder of the Abbey of St. Victor, Paris. St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church is a medieval Spanish monastery cloister which was built in the town of Sacramenia in Segovia, Spain, in the 12th century but dismantled in the 20th century and shipped to New York City in the United States. He could also commune with nature and say: Believe me, for I know, you will find something far greater in the woods than in books. Bernard of Clairvaux (French saint, Cistercian abbot, and writer, 1090-1153) From the beginning of the year 1153, Bernard felt his death approaching. Bernard of Clairvaux is the attributed author of poems often translated in English hymnals as: The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited by Jean Leclercq.[33][d]. Temporal matters are merely accessories; the principles according to Bernard's work were that piety and meditation were to precede action. He also silenced the final supporters who sustained the schism. Local system number: The zeal of Bernard extended to the bishops, the clergy, and lay people. He was plagued most of his life by impaired health, which took the form of anemia, migraine, gastritis, hypertension, and an atrophied sense of taste. There is not left one man to seven women, and everywhere there are widows to still-living husbands. Bernard's great desire was to excel in literature in order to take up the study of Sacred Scripture, which later on became, as it were, his own tongue. He is often cited for saying that Mary Magdalene was the Apostle to the Apostles. Bernard's influence was soon felt in provincial affairs. [citation needed], John Calvin quotes Bernard several times[22] in support of the doctrine of Sola Fide,[23] which Martin Luther described as the article upon which the church stands or falls. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of 1146, Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. He is a Roman Catholic saint. "[18], Bernard then passed into Germany, and the reported miracles which multiplied almost at his every step undoubtedly contributed to the success of his mission. This Bernard named Claire Vallée, or Clairvaux, on 25 June 1115, and the names of Bernard and Clairvaux soon became inseparable. [12] Bernard lobbied the prelates on the evening before the debate, swaying many of them to his view. Faith and morals were taken seriously, but without priggishness. But once out of Bernard's presence, he reneged. saint bernard abbot of clairvaux. To many, St. Bernard is known as the Mellifluous … At the Eucharist, he "admonished the Duke not to despise God as he did His servants". Bernard went again to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent. [b] In 1137, he was again forced to leave his solitude by order of the pope to put an end to the quarrel between Lothair and Roger of Sicily. [28] He was the first Cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints and was canonized by Alexander III 18 January 1174. Bernard of Clairvaux quotes Pope Honorius delegated Bernard to preach throughout France and Germany the renewal of the holy war. On 31 March, with King Louis VII of France present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay, making "the speech of his life". He was an Abbot in the Cistercian order. [13] He was buried at the Clairvaux Abbey, but after its dissolution in 1792 by the French revolutionary government, his remains were transferred to Troyes Cathedral. Introduction and notes by F … There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. After that, Bernard spent most of his time in Italy persuading the Italians to pledge allegiance to Innocent. [12] Bernard then denounced Abelard to the pope and cardinals of the Curia. He defended the rights of the Church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henry Archbishop of Sens , and Stephen de Senlis, Bishop of Paris . He turned away from his literary education, begun at the school at Châtillon-sur-Seine, and from ecclesiastical advancement, toward a life of renunciation and solitude. [18], There was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. Tome II: (Sermons 23–69). This led for a time to the exaltation of human reason and rationalism. Bernard et la théologie monastiqudeu XII siècle,"in Another time, while he slept in an inn, a prostitute was introduced naked beside him, and he saved his chastity by running. The death of his contemporaries served as a warning to Bernard of his own approaching end. The whole conflict ended when Anacletus died on 25 January 1138. francis aidan gasquet, d.d. Under pressure from his ecclesiastical superiors and his friends, notably the bishop and scholar William of Champeaux, he retired to a hut near the monastery and to the discipline of a quack physician. [19] The full text has not survived, but a contemporary account says that "his voice rang out across the meadow like a celestial organ"[19]. After the council of Étampes, Bernard spoke with King Henry I of England, also known as Henry Beauclerc, about Henry I's reservations regarding Pope Innocent II. Bernard's letter to the archbishop of Sens was seen as a real treatise, "De Officiis Episcoporum." He had a special devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and there is no one who speaks more sublimely of the Queen of Heaven. Bernard considered lectio divina and contemplation guided by the Holy Spirit the keys to nourishing Christian spirituality. She, with the consent of her husband, soon took the veil in the Benedictine nunnery of Jully-les-Nonnains. [4], In the year 1128 AD, Bernard participated in the Council of Troyes, which had been convoked by Pope Honorius II, and was presided over by Cardinal Matthew of Albano. The Library of the Cistercian Abbey of Clairvaux at the time of Pierre de Virey (1472) PART A – ESSENTIAL INFORMATION 1. Associate Professor of Education, University of Windsor, Ontario. Bernard wrote to the pope a few days afterwards, "Cities and castles are now empty. In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Lateran. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This was the occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. [15] Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians. [5], Bernard had occupied himself in sending bands of monks from his overcrowded monastery into Germany, Sweden, England, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italy. Bernard did not reject human philosophy which is genuine philosophy, which leads to God; he differentiates between different kinds of knowledge, the highest being theological. After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. By the end of 1131, the kingdoms of France, England, Germany, Portugal, Castile, and Aragon supported Pope Innocent II; however, most of Italy, southern France, and Sicily, with the Latin patriarchs of Constantinople, Antioch, and Jerusalem supported Antipope Anacletus II. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Aleth’s death, in 1107, so affected Bernard that he claimed that this is when his “long path to complete conversion” began. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Drawn as much by the fame of the monk as by the mandates of the king and the Pope, a vast assembly of prelates and nobles gathered at Vézelay in Burgundy. [3] In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes, at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar,[a] which soon became the ideal of Christian nobility. He protested his profound esteem for the Benedictines of Cluny whom he declared he loved equally as well as the other religious orders. [4], In the year 1119, Bernard was present at the first general chapter of the order convoked by Stephen of Cîteaux. One time he restored the power of speech to an old man that he might confess his sins before he died. He was the first Cistercian placed on the calendar of saints, and was canonized by Pope Alexander III on 18 January 1174. Leclercq"S, . [13] Bernard considered it his duty to send an apology to the Pope and it is inserted in the second part of his "Book of Considerations." [7] Bernard's testimony was so irresistible that 30 of his friends, brothers, and relatives followed him into the monastic life. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Hasten then to expiate your sins by victories over the Infidels, and let the deliverance of the holy places be the reward of your repentance." Cistercians honour him as the founder of the order because of the widespread activity which he gave to the order.[13]. Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among the nobility. In the first part, he proved himself innocent of the charges of Cluny and in the second he gave his reasons for his counterattacks. [5], In 1098 Robert of Molesme had founded Cîteaux Abbey, near Dijon, with the purpose of restoring the Rule of St Benedict in all its rigour. Religious even of the other orders, flocked there. Bernard de Clairvaux: Sermons Divers. At the conference held at Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. Download books for free. The abbey became too small for its members and it was necessary to send out bands to found new houses. In opposition to the rational approach to divine understanding that the scholastics adopted, Bernard preached an immediate faith, in which the intercessor was the Virgin Mary. About the same time he wrote his work on Grace and Free Will. Bernard set out to convince these other regions to rally behind Innocent. St. Bernard of Clairvaux (feast day is August 20th) Saint Bernard de Clairvaux “The Virgin’s name was Mary“, (Lk.1:27) which means ‘Star of the Sea.’This admirably befits the Virgin Mother. He traveled to Sicily in 1137 to convince the king of Sicily to follow Innocent. [17] Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. Louis VI convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes, and Bernard, summoned there by consent of the bishops, was chosen to judge between the rival popes. Four brothers, an uncle, two cousins, an architect, and two seasoned monks under the leadership of Bernard endured extreme deprivations for well over a decade before Clairvaux was self-sufficient. The din of arms, the danger, the labors, the fatigues of war, are the penances that God now imposes upon you. [4], Towards the close of the 11th century, a spirit of independence flourished within schools of philosophy and theology. The first to die was Suger in 1152, of whom Bernard wrote to Eugene III, "If there is any precious vase adorning the palace of the King of Kings it is the soul of the venerable Suger". During the absence of the Bishop of Langres, Bernard was blessed as abbot by William of Champeaux, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, who saw in him the predestined man, servum Dei. It was eventually reassembled at 16711 West Dixie Highway, North Miami Beach, Florida, where it is now an Episcopal church and tourist attraction called Ancient Spanish … The need for healthy theological discussion in the Church. Whether you are traveling alone, as a couple, or with your entire family, your visit to Cloisters of the Monastery of Saint Bernard de Clairvaux will be a highlight of your holiday – and your hotel should be too! Clothe yourselves in sackcloth, but also cover yourselves with your impenetrable bucklers. He then found Radulphe in Mainz and was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery.[21]. Bernard was named a Doctor of the Church in 1830. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by the failure of the crusaders, the entire responsibility for which was thrown upon him. Soon afterwards, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse, and probably imprisoned for life. Bernard is said to have flung off his own robe and began tearing it into strips to make more. Omissions? The passing of Pope Eugenius had struck the fatal blow by taking from him one whom he considered his greatest friend and consoler. [18][19] Others followed his example and he and his helpers were supposedly still producing crosses as night fell. Conrad III of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa, received the cross from the hand of Bernard. Bernard had returned to France in June and was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. The movement found an ardent and powerful advocate in Peter Abelard. [6], Many miracles were attributed to his intercession. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) was a French abbot, confessor, saint, and Doctor of the Church. Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine, lord of Fontaine-lès-Dijon, and Alèthe de Montbard [fr], both members of the highest nobility of Burgundy. However, Innocent insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor. For this, he was offered, and he refused, the archbishopric of Milan. Bernard praises it in his "De Laudibus Novae Militiae". Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He wanted to excel in literature in order to take up the study of the Bible. Overview of St. Bernard of Clairvaux's life. This caused the pope to be recognized by all the great powers. Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (1090 or 91-1153), Mary Blessed Virgin, Saint, Malachy Saint (1094?-1148), Jesus Christ, Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (1090 or 1091-1153), Bernard, de Clairvaux Saint (1090 ou 91-1153), Bridget of Sweden, Saint (ca. Disciples flocked to it in great numbers and put themselves under the direction of Bernard. At the age of nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons of Saint-Vorles. Bernard’s struggles with the flesh during this period may account for his early and rather consistent penchant for physical austerities. Other websites. That was St. Bernard of Menthon, not the Cistercian reformer of the 12 th Century. Summary Ref: 2008-22 Clairvaux Abbey was founded in 1115 by Bernard de Fontaines, who directed it until his death in 1153. selected, with a preface, by. During his youth, he did not escape trying temptations and around this time he thought of retiring from the world and living a life of solitude and prayer. He preached at the Council of Vézelay (1146) to recruit for the Second Crusade. [29] Pope Pius VIII bestowed on him the title "Doctor of the Church". Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a French theologian. from the translation of the late dr. eales. His more than 300 letters and sermons manifest his quest to combine a mystical life of absorption in God with his friendship for those in misery and his concern for the faithful execution of responsibilities as a guardian of the life of the church. After the council, the bishop of Verdun was deposed. St. Bernard of Clairvaux is clearly one of the greatest preachers of all time. [10], In 1132, Bernard accompanied Innocent II into Italy, and at Cluny the pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay to that abbey. abbot president of the english benedictine congregation . In June 1145, Bernard traveled in southern France and his preaching there helped strengthen support against heresy. Having previously helped end the schism within the church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. It was here, also, that he produced a small but complete treatise on Mariology (study of doctrines and dogmas concerning the Virgin Mary), “Praises of the Virgin Mother.” Bernard was to become a major champion of a moderate cult of the Virgin, though he did not support the notion of Mary’s Immaculate Conception. He recalled the city of Milan to obedience to the pope as they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan. Bernard of Clairvaux (Latin: Bernardus Claraevallensis; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was a Burgundian abbot, and a major leader in the revitalization of Benedictine monasticism through the nascent Order of Cistercians.
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