The animosity between the two sides led to the French Wars of Religion and the tragic St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Paris: Laffont, 1998. Travel was usually faster by ocean ship or river boat. Certain provinces and cities had won special privileges (such as lower rates in the gabelle or salt tax). The Ancien Régime (/ ˌ ɒ̃ s j æ̃ r eɪ ˈ ʒ iː m /; French: [ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim]; literally "old rule"), also known as the Old Regime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (circa 15th century) until the French Revolution of 1789, which led to the abolition (1792) of hereditary monarchy and of the feudal system of the French nobility. Pays d'imposition were recently conquered lands which had their own local historical institutions (they were similar to the pays d'état under which they are sometimes grouped), although taxation was overseen by the royal intendant. [9], As he neared his death, Charles II bequeathed his throne to the Bourbon candidate, the future Philip V of Spain. In 1534, the "forty days rule" was instituted (adapted from church practice), which made the successor's right void if the preceding office holder died within forty days of the transfer and the office returned to the state; however, a new fee, called the survivance jouissante protected against the forty days rule. Paris: Laffont, 1995. The most important of the parlements, both in administrative area (covering the major part of northern and central France) and prestige, was the parliament of Paris, which also was the court of first instance for peers of the realm and for regalian affairs. However, in 1515, Francis I signed a new agreement with Pope Leo X, the Concordat of Bologna, which gave the king the right to nominate candidates and the pope the right of investiture; this agreement infuriated gallicans, but gave the king control over important ecclesiastical offices with which to benefit nobles. Over time it became clear these privileges were open to abuse and when in 1620 the Huguenots proclaimed a constitution for the "Republic of the Reformed Churches of France", the Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu (1585–1642) invoked the full powers of the state; He captured La Rochelle after a long siege in 1628. Elle a cependant été utilisée telle quelle dès la… … Encyclopédie Universelle, ancien regime — 1794, from Fr. The taille was only one of a number of taxes. There was also parlement in Savoy (Chambery) from 1537-1559. Finally, abbots, cardinals and other prelates were frequently employed by the kings as ambassadors, members of his councils (such as Richelieu and Mazarin) and in other administrative positions. Il allait offrir au Roi la légitimité et la concentration nécessaire du pouvoir entre ses mains. Louis XIV created several additional tax systems, including the capitation (begun in 1695) which touched every person including nobles and the clergy (although exemption could be bought for a large one-time sum) and the "dixième" (1710–17, restarted in 1733), enacted to support the military, which was a true tax on income and on property value. Political and social system of France prior to the French Revolution. Religious practices which veered too close to Protestantism (like Jansenism) or to the mystical (like Quietism) were also severely suppressed, as too libertinage or overt atheism. ", James B. Collins, "Geographic and Social Mobility in Early-modern France. Even before the Edict of Alès (1629), Protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more. Bailliages and présidiaux were also the first court for certain crimes (so-called cas royaux; these cases had formerly been under the supervision of the local seigneurs): sacrilege, lèse-majesté, kidnapping, rape, heresy, alteration of money, sedition, insurrections, and the illegal carrying of arms. Louis XIV acted more and more aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert. In addition to the above administrative institutions, the king was also surrounded by an extensive personal and court retinue (royal family, valet de chambres, guards, honorific officers), regrouped under the name "Maison du Roi". However Sir Robert Walpole was the dominant decision-maker, 1722-1740, although the role was not yet called prime minister. Pierre Goubert an Daniel Roche, Les Français et l'Ancien Régime, 1984. — exerted a powerful control over state administration in the 17th and 18th century. The head of the judicial system in France was the chancellor. He was Louis XV and he lived until the 1770s. France's enemies formed a Grand Alliance, led by the Holy Roman Empire's Leopold I. Political power was widely dispersed among certain elites. Some American diplomats, like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, had lived in Paris where they consorted freely with members of the French intellectual class. Royal officers chosen from the highest nobility, provincial and city governors (oversight of provinces and cities was frequently combined) were predominantly military positions in charge of defense and policing. Exempted from the taille were clergy and nobles (except for non-noble lands they held in "pays d'état", see below), officers of the crown, military personnel, magistrates, university professors and students, and certain cities ("villes franches") such as Paris. [18] In 1604, Sully created a new tax, the paulette or "annual tax" (1/60 of the amount of the official charge), which permitted the title-holder to be free of the 40-day rule. * Councillors of state (generally 30)* Maître des requêtes (generally 80)* Intendants of finance (6)* Intendants of commerce (4 or 5)* Ministers of State (variable)* Treasurers* Farmers-General* Superintendent of the postal system* Directeur général of buildings* Directeur général of fortifications* Lieutenant General of Police of Paris (in charge of public order in the capital)* Archbishop of Paris* Royal confessor. The most important positions in the court were those of the Great Officers of the Crown of France, headed by the connétable (chief military officer of the realm; position eliminated in 1627) and the chancellor. The resulting Truce of Ratisbon guaranteed France's new borders for 20 years, but Louis XIV's subsequent actions – notably his revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 – led to the deterioration of his military and political dominance. Some orders, like the Benedictines, were largely rural; others, like the Dominicans (also called "Jacobins") and the Franciscans (also called "cordeliers") operated in cities.[21]. In addition, certain provinces within France were ostensibly personal fiefdoms of noble families (like the Bourbonnais, Marche, Forez and Auvergne provinces held by the House of Bourbon until the provinces were forceably integrated into the royal domain in 1527 after the fall of the Charles III, Duke of Bourbon). The other traditional representatives bodies in the realm were the Etats généraux (created in 1302) which reunited the three estates of the realm (clergy, nobility, the third estate) and the "États provinciaux" (Provincial Estates). * "Conseil privé" or "Conseil des parties"' or "Conseil d'État" ("Privy Council" or "Council of State", concerning the judicial system, officially instituted in 1557) — the largest of the royal councils, composed of the chancellor, the dukes with peerage, the ministers and secretaries of state, the "contrôleur général des finances", the 30 councillors of state, the 80 maître des requêtes and the intendants of finance. In the 16th century, the kings of France, in an effort to exert more direct control over royal finances and to circumvent the double-board (accused of poor oversight) – instituted numerous administrative reforms, including the restructuring of the financial administration and an increase in the number of généralités. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. Dans les affaires privées, ils suivaient les règles établies au cours des âges. "Histoire et dictionnaire des Guerres de religion". * "Chambre des comptes" - Paris, Dijon, Blois, Grenoble, Nantes. In 1789, the Ancien Régime was violently overthrown by the French Revolution. The administration of the généralités of the Renaissance went through a variety of reforms. The head of the judicial system in France was the chancellor. The symbolic power of the Catholic monarch was apparent in his crowning (the king was anointed by blessed oil in Rheims) and he was popularly believed to be able to cure scrofula by the laying on of his hands (accompanied by the formula "the king touches you, but God heals you"). Methuen: London, 1975. also had a candidate: Philip, the grandson of powerful King Louis XIV. Convents tended to be more isolated and less centrally controlled. In the mid-15th century, France was significantly smaller than it is today,[17] and numerous border provinces (such as Roussillon, Cerdagne, Conflent, Vallespir, Capcir, Calais, Béarn, Navarre, County of Foix, Flanders, Artois, Lorraine, Alsace, Trois-Évêchés, Franche-Comté, Savoy, Bresse, Bugey, Gex, Nice, Provence, Dauphiné, and Brittany) were either autonomous or belonged to the Holy Roman Empire, the Crown of Aragon or the Kingdom of Navarra; there were also foreign enclaves, like the Comtat Venaissin. In 1670, their purview was overseen by the "présidiaux" (see below). For some observers the term came to denote a certain nostalgia. Institutionally torpid, economically immobile, culturally atrophied and socially stratified, this 'old regime' was incapable of self-modernization. L'Ancien Régime est une période historiquement difficile à borner, nous nous contenterons alors dans cet exposé de la période entre 1600 et la Révolution française. Talleyrand famously quipped: Celui qui n'a pas vécu au dix-huitième siècle avant la Révolution ne connaît pas la douceur de vivre:[37] ("Those who have not lived in the eighteenth century before the Revolution do not know the sweetness of living."). King Charles II reigned 1665 to 1700, but he was in very poor physical and mental health.[6]. Collection: Bouquins. The provinces were of three sorts, the "pays d'élection", the "pays d'état" and the "pays d'imposition". "[4], The Nine Years' War (1688–97) was a major conflict between France and a European-wide coalition of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England, and Savoy. Appreciating all things related to Early Modern France with both a serious and lighthearted tone. ISBN 0-8018-5631-0* Pillorget, René and Suzanne Pillorget. 77.] Secretary of State for Protestant Affairs (combined with the secretary of the Maison du Roi in 1749). A szó etimológiája: Két ősi francia szó egybeolvadásából keletkezett: . "Histoire et dictionnaire du temps des Lumières 1715-1789". France's lead slowly faded after 1700, as other countries grew faster. To appeal a "bailliage's" decisions, one turned to the regional parlements. By the Revolution, there were 36 généralités; the last two were created in 1784. The drive for centralization in this period related directly to questions of royal finances and the ability to wage war. Regular clergy (i.e. Another key source of state financing was through charging fees for state positions (such as most members of parlements, magistrates, maître des requêtes and financial officers). The upper levels of the French church were made up predominantly of old nobility, both from provincial families and from royal court families, and many of the offices had become "de facto" hereditary possessions, with some members possessing multiple offices. As a sign of French absolutism, they ceased to be convoked from 1614 to 1789. Armée Publisher Paris : L.H. and présidial of Paris, the "Châtelet", which was overseen by the "prévôt" of Paris, civil and criminal lieutenants, and a royal officer in charge of maintaining public order in the capital, the Lieutenant General of Police of Paris. The desire for more efficient tax collection was one of the major causes for French administrative and royal centralization in the early modern period. ISBN 2-221-07425-4* Kendall, Paul Murray. In its turn, the church exacted a mandatory tithe from its parishioners, called the "dîme". Crimes of desertion, highway robbery, and mendicants (so-called cas prévôtaux) were under the supervision of the prévôt des maréchaux, who exacted quick and impartial justice. Example of Ideologies. Before it was made illegal in 1521, it had been possible to leave open-ended the date that the transfer of title was to take effect. **Secretary of State for Protestant Affairs (combined with the secretary of the Maison du Roi in 1749). Relations with France therefore were undramatic.[15][16]. By the terms of the Treaty of Ryswick (1697), Louis XIV retained the whole of Alsace, but he was forced to return Lorraine to its ruler and give up any gains on the right bank of the Rhine.
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